Texas Coffee Traders
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Hazelnut Coffee $8.49 Our 100% Arabica gourmet coffee is infused with the smooth and nutty tasted of fresh hazelnut. Whole Bean 12 oz. |
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Decaffeinated Coffee $6.49 A distinctive and balanced flavor for those who love the richness of a darker roast and the smooth flavor of a lighter roast coffee. Ground 13 oz. |
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Crescent City Blend® Coffee $8.49 A tribute to the rich, bold coffee served in New Orleans. Whole Bean 12 oz. |
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Brazil Santos Bourbon Coffee $8.49 This delectable gourmet coffee yields an enticingly smooth cup with a rich aroma and mild acidity. Whole Bean 12 oz. |
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French Vanilla Coffee $8.49 A truly delectable and luxuriously sweet French Vanilla coffee you are sure to enjoy. Whole Bean 12 oz. |
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Pecan Praline Coffee $8.49 Our Pecan Praline flavored coffee is a truly delightful Southern treat. Whole Bean 12 oz. |
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Dark Roast Coffee $6.49 The rich aroma of our original coffee blend will awaken your senses. Ground 16 oz. |
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Fresh-O-Lator® Coffee Canister $29.95 Our airtight canister will preserve the freshness of your favorite coffee. |
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Kenya Coffee $8.49 Bright acidity and fruity flavors combine for a wonderfully aromatic cup with a taste that maintains a refined winey character. Whole Bean 12 oz. |
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Around the World Gourmet Coffee Sampler $34.95 Explore four specialty coffees from distinctive coffee-growing regions around the world. Whole Bean Four 12 oz. packages. |
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Medium Roast Coffee $6.49 This extraordinarily aromatic and light-roasted blend produces a fragrant and mellow cup. Ground 16 oz. |
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Kona Blend Coffee $8.49 Our Kona Blend is light-medium roasted and produces a sweet and mellow floral tone. Whole Bean 12 oz. |
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Café Special® Coffee $5.99 Roasted medium-dark to a rich brown color for a distinctive café taste and aroma. Ground 12 oz. |
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Breakfast Blend Coffee $8.49 Ease into the day as we do down in New Orleans with the smooth and mellow flavor of our Breakfast Blend. Ground 12 oz. |
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New Orleans Blend® Coffee and Chicory $5.49 Indulge in a delicate combination of fine Arabica beans and high quality chicory that is steeped in the traditions of New Orleans. Ground 16 oz. |
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Louisiana Blend™ Medium-Dark Coffee $8.49 This blend of gourmet Latin American coffees embodies the distinctive flavor of Louisiana. Whole Bean 12 oz. |
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A Descriptive Catalogue Of The London Traders, Tavern, And Coffee-house Tokens Current In The 17th Century $24.09 A Descriptive Catalogue Of The London Traders, Tavern, And Coffee-house Tokens Current In The 17th Century |
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A Descriptive Catalogue of the London Traders, Tavern, and Coffee-House Tokens Current in the Seventeenth Century $20.79 A Descriptive Catalogue of the London Traders, Tavern, and Coffee-House Tokens Current in the Seventeenth Century |
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A Descriptive Catalogue Of The London Traders, Tavern, And Coffee-house Tokens Current In The Seventeenth Century; $20.79 A Descriptive Catalogue Of The London Traders, Tavern, And Coffee-house Tokens Current In The Seventeenth Century; |
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A Descriptive Catalogue Of The London Traders, Tavern, And Coffee-house Tokens Current In The Seventeenth Century $24.09 A Descriptive Catalogue Of The London Traders, Tavern, And Coffee-house Tokens Current In The Seventeenth Century |
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Imperial Traders Hotel $307.65 Imperial Traders Hotel is located close to Tianhe Stadium, Pazhou Complex, and Guangdong Museum of Art. Nearby points of interest also include CITIC Plaza and Guangzhou Zoo. Hotel Features. Dining options at Imperial Traders Hotel include 2 restaurants. A bar/lounge is open for drinks. Room service is available 24 hours a day. Recreational amenities include an indoor pool, a health club, a sauna, and a steam room. This 4 star property has a business center and offers secretarial services and business services. Complimentary wireless and wired high speed Internet access is available in public areas. The property has event space consisting of banquet facilities and conference/meeting rooms. Self parking is complimentary. Additional property amenities include a coffee shop/caf?, a concierge desk, and multilingual staff. This is a smoke free property. Guestrooms. All guestrooms at Imperial Traders Hotel feature fireplaces and minibars. In addition to complimentary newspapers and safes, guestrooms offer phones. Televisions have premium satellite channels and pay movies. Also included are coffee/tea makers and hair dryers. |
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BEST WESTERN TRADERS INN $74.99 Inn/Chalet Year Built 1995 Year Remodeled 1995 Additional Property Description Discover this Poteau Oklahoma hotel near Talimena National Scenic Byway Carl Albert State College and Applied Energy Services. Welcome to the Best Western Traders Inn where the staff is friendly the location is unbeatable and the accommodations are comfortable and affordable. This Oklahoma Best Western hotel offers convenient access to many local attractions in and around Poteau. Guests staying at this hotel will enjoy well appointed beautifully decorated guest rooms featuring cable satellite television with HBO and free high speed wireless Internet access. Business Plus rooms are designed exclusively to meet the needs of the business traveler. Suites with Jacuzzi tubs are available. Start the day off right with a deluxe complimentary full breakfast or with a refreshing swim in the outdoor swimming pool. Guests traveling to Poteau on business will also appreciate the variety of business services available on property including a spacious conference room. There is no better lodging choice than the Best Western Traders Inn while staying in Poteau Oklahoma. Located at the base of the worlds largest hill Canaval Hill guests are surrounded by beautiful landscape and extraordinary attractions. Take a scenic drive along the breathtaking Talimena National Scenic Byway or spend the afternoon fishing along one of the many Poteau area lakes. Carl Albert State College is located close to the hotel making the Best Western Traders Inn ideal lodging while touring campus or visiting friends. Nearby Applied Energy Services makes conducting business from the Best Western Traders Inn easy and convenient. The friendly helpful staff at the Best Western Traders Inn is committed to ensuring a fun filled memorable stay in Poteau Oklahoma. Make a reservation today a NBR OF NON SMOKING ROOMS 58NBR OF ROOMS FOR PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED GUESTS 3FREE WIRE LESS HIGH SPEED INTERNET ACCESS.ROOM AMENITIES FOR ALL ROOMS ROOM AMENITIES AIR CONDITIONING / AM/FM ALARM CLOCK / BATHROOM AMENITIES / CABLE/SATELLITE TV / COFFEE/TEA MAKER / COLOR TV / DIRECT DIAL TELEPHONE / FREE LOCAL TELEPHONE CALLS / HAIRDRYER / IRON/IRONING BOARD / MEAL INCLUDED BREAKFAST / MICROWAVE / NO SMOKING ROOM / PRIVATE BATH OR SHOWER / REFRIGERATOR / TELEPHONE TECHNOLOGY DATAPORT / HIGH SPEED INTERNET ACCESS / VOICE MAIL CHARGEABLE AMENITIES ANALOG DIAL UP DATAPORT NBR OF ROOMS 75 ALL TEL ETHERNET RJ 45 JACK FOR LAPTOP NBR OF ROOMS 19 WINDSTREAM WIRELESS DATAPORT NBR OF ROOMS 75 WINDSTREAM |
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Traders Fudu Hotel Changzhou $92.37 Traders Fudu Hotel Changzhou > CZX > 398 Tongjiang Road > Changzhou > > 213000>Location. This property is located in Changzhou. Features. Traders Fudu Hotel Changzhou has a restaurant and a bar/lounge. Business amenities include a business center and complimentary high speed (wired) Internet access. Additional amenities include room service, a hair salon, and a safe deposit box at the front desk. Guestrooms. Amenities featured in guestrooms include coffee/tea makers, minibars, and complimentary newspapers. Bathrooms feature hair dryers. Notifications:Additional fees and deposits may be charged by the property at time of service, check in, or check out. > |
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Traders Hotel Dubai $97.21 Traders Hotel Dubai > DXB > Corner Of Abu Baker Al > Dubai > > >Location. Located near the beach in the Deira neighborhood of Dubai, this business friendly spa property is close to Deira City Centre and Deira City Center Shopping Mall. Also nearby are Al Maktoum Stadium and Gold Souk. Features. Traders Hotel Dubai has a health club, an indoor pool, a steam room, a sauna, and a fitness facility. This 4.0 star Dubai property features massage and treatment rooms and spa services. Business amenities include a business center, wireless Internet access, meeting rooms for small groups, and secretarial services. Traders Hotel Dubai has a restaurant, a bar/lounge, and a coffee shop/café. 24 hour room service is available. Event facilities consist of a ballroom, conference rooms, and banquet facilities. Guestrooms. Amenities featured in guestrooms include air conditioning, coffee/tea makers, and minibars. Business friendly amenities include desks, direct dial phones, and voice mail. Complimentary bottled water is provided. All guestrooms provide refrigerators and complimentary bottled water. Bathrooms feature bathroom TVs, bathroom phones, and bathrobes. Notifications:Additional fees and deposits may be charged by the property at time of service, check in, or check out. >The preferred airport for Traders Hotel Dubai is Dubai (DXB Dubai Intl.) 3.5 km / 2.1 mi. Distances are calculated in a straight line from the property’s location to the point of interest or airport and may not reflect actual travel distance. Distances are displayed to the nearest 0. 1 mile and kilometre. |
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Traders Hotel, Penang $65.38 Traders Hotel, Penang > PEN > Magazine Road > Penang > > 10300>Location. This city center hotel is located in Georgetown, close to KOMTAR and Penang Islamic Museum. Also nearby are Leong San Tong Khoo Kongsi and Fort Cornwallis. Features. Traders Hotel, Penang has a health club, an outdoor pool, a steam room, a sauna, and a fitness facility. This 4.0 star Georgetown property features massage and treatment rooms, a hair salon, and beauty services. Business amenities at this 4.0 star property include a business center, wireless Internet access, meeting rooms for small groups, and business services. Traders Hotel, Penang has a restaurant, a bar/lounge, and a coffee shop/café. 24 hour room service is available. This property provides an airport shuttle (surcharge). Event facilities consist of a ballroom, exhibit space, conference rooms, and banquet facilities. The staff can arrange concierge services, event catering, dry cleaning/laundry services, and tour assistance. Additional amenities include valet parking, multilingual staff, and complimentary newspapers in the lobby. Guestrooms. Traders Hotel, Penang has 443 guestrooms. Televisions are equipped with satellite television channels and ESPN. Guestrooms provide complimentary newspapers, in room safes, and direct dial phones with voice mail. Guestrooms feature coffee/tea makers and complimentary bottled water. Bathrooms offer shower/tub combinations, scales, bathrobes, and makeup/shaving mirrors. Additional amenities include minibars, air conditioning, and slippers. In addition, amenities available on request include refrigerators, irons/ironing boards, and wake up calls. Turndown service is offered nightly and housekeeping is available. Cribs (infant beds) and rollaway beds are available. > |
Coffee Traders
Central African Republic
History
Main article: History of the Central African Republic
Pre-history
Between about 1000 BC and 1000 AD, Adamawa-Eastern-speaking peoples spread eastward from Cameroon to Sudan and settled in most of the territory of the CAR. During the same period, a much smaller number of Bantu-speaking immigrants settled in Southwestern CAR and some Central Sudanic-speaking populations settled along the Oubangi.
The majority of the CAR’s inhabitants thus speak Adamawa-Eastern languages or Bantu languages belonging to the Niger-Congo family. A minority speak Central Sudanic languages of the Nilo-Saharan family. More recent immigrants include many Muslim merchants who most often speak Arabic or Hausa.
Exposure to the outside world
Until the early 1800s, the peoples of the CAR lived beyond the expanding Islamic frontier in the Sudanic zone of Africa and thus had relatively little contact with Abrahamic religions or northern economies. During the first decades of the nineteenth century, however, Muslim traders began increasingly to penetrate the region of the CAR and to cultivate special relations with local leaders in order to facilitate their trade and settlement in the region.
The initial arrival of Muslim traders in the early 1800s was relatively peaceful and depended upon the support of local peoples, but after about 1850, slave traders with well-armed soldiers began to penetrate the region. Between c. 1860 and 1910, slave traders from Sudan, Chad, Cameroon, Dar al-Kuti in Northern CAR and Nzakara and Zande states in Southeastern CAR exported much of the population of Eastern CAR, a region with very few inhabitants today.
French colonialism
Main article: Ubangi-Shari
Oubangui-Chari in 1910
European penetration of Central African territory began in the late nineteenth century during the so-called Scramble for Africa (c. 18751900). Count Savorgnan de Brazza took the lead in establishing the French Congo with headquarters in the city named after him, Brazzaville, and sent expeditions up the Ubangi River in an effort to expand France’s claims to territory in Central Africa. King Leopold II of Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom also competed to establish their claims to territory in the Central African region.
In 1889 the French established a post on the Ubangi River at Bangui, the future capital of Ubangi-Shari and the CAR. De Brazza then sent expeditions in 189091 up the Sangha River in what is now Southwestern CAR, up the center of the Ubangi basin toward Lake Chad, and eastward along the Ubangi River toward the Nile. De Brazza and the procolonial in France wished to expand the borders of the French Congo to link up with French territories in West Africa, North Africa and East Africa.
In 1894, the French Congo’s borders with Leopold II’s Congo Free State and German Cameroon were fixed by diplomatic agreements. Then, in 1899, the French Congo’s border with Sudan was fixed along the Congo-Nile watershed, leaving France without her much coveted outlet on the Nile and turning Southeastern Ubangi-Shari into a cul-de-sac.
Once European negotiators agreed upon the borders of the French Congo, France had to decide how to pay for the costly occupation, administration, and development of the territory. The reported financial successes of Leopold II’s concessionary companies in the Congo Free State convinced the French government in 1899 to grant 17 private companies large concessions in the Ubangi-Shari region. In return for the right to exploit these lands by buying local products and selling European goods, the companies promised to pay rent to the colonial state and to promote the development of their concessions. The companies employed European and African agents who frequently used extremely brutal and atrocious methods to force Central Africans to work for them. At the same time, the French colonial administration began to force Central Africans to pay taxes and to provide the state with free labor. The companies and French administration often collaborated in their efforts to force Central Africans to work for their benefit, but they also often found themselves at odds.
Some French officials reported abuses committed by private company militias and even by their own colonial colleagues and troops, but efforts to bring these criminals to justice almost always failed. When news of atrocities committed against Central Africans by concessionary company employees and colonial officials or troops reached France and caused an outcry, there were investigations and some feeble attempts at reform, but the situation on the ground in Ubangi-Shari remained essentially the same.
Stamp from 1924
In the meantime, during the first decade of French colonial rule (c. 19001910), the rulers of African states in the Ubangi-Shari region increased their slave raiding activities and also their sale of local products to European companies and the colonial state. They took advantage of their treaties with the French to procure more weapons which were used to capture more slaves and so much of the eastern half of Ubangi-Shari was depopulated as a result of the export of Central Africans by local rulers during the first decade of colonial rule. Those who had power, Africans and Europeans, often made life miserable for those who did not have the power to resist.
During the second decade of colonial rule (c. 19101920), armed employees of private companies and the colonial state continued to use brutal methods to deal with local populations who resisted forced labor but the power of local African rulers was destroyed and so slave raiding was greatly diminished. In 1911, the Sangha and Lobaye basins were ceded to Germany as part of an agreement which gave France a free-hand in Morocco and so Western Ubangi-Shari came under German rule until World War I, during which France reconquered this territory by using Central African troops.
The third decade of colonial rule (19201930) was a period of transition during which a network of roads was built, cash crops were promoted, mobile health services were formed to combat sleeping sickness, and Protestant missions established stations in different parts of the country. New forms of forced labor were also introduced, however, as the French conscripted large numbers of Ubangians to work on the Congo-Ocean Railway and many of these recruits died of exhaustion and illness.
In 1925 the French writer Andr Gide published Voyage au Congo in which he described the alarming consequences of conscription for the Congo-Ocean railroad and exposed the continuing atrocities committed against Central Africans in Western Ubangi-Shari by employees of the Forestry Company of Sangha-Ubangi, for example. In 1928 a major insurrection, the Kongo-Wara ‘war of the hoe handle’ broke out in Western Ubangi-Shari and continued for several years. The extent of this insurrection, perhaps the largest anticolonial rebellion in Africa during the interwar years, was carefully hidden from the French public because it provided evidence, once again, of strong opposition to French colonial rule and forced labor.
During the fourth decade of colonial rule (c. 19301940), cotton, tea, and coffee emerged as important cash crops in Ubangi-Shari and the mining of diamonds and gold began in earnest. Several cotton companies were granted purchasing monopolies over large areas of cotton production and were thus able to fix the prices paid to cultivators in order to assure profits for their shareholders. Europeans established coffee plantations and Central Africans also began to cultivate coffee.
The fifth decade of colonial rule (c. 19401950) was shaped by the Second World War and the political reforms which followed in its wake. In September 1940 pro-Gaullist French officers took control of Ubangi-Shari.
Independence
On 1 December 1958 the colony of Ubangi-Shari became an autonomous territory within the French Community and took the name Central African Republic. The founding father and president of the Conseil de Gouvernement, Barthlmy Boganda, died in a mysterious plane accident in 1959, just eight days before the last elections of the colonial era. On 13 August 1960 the Central African Republic gained its independence and two of Boganda’s closest aides, Abel Goumba and David Dacko, became involved in a power struggle. With the backing of the French, Dacko took power and soon had Goumba arrested. By 1962 President Dacko had established a one-party state.
On 31 December 1965 Dacko was overthrown in the Saint-Sylvestre coup d’tat by Colonel Jean-Bdel Bokassa, who suspended the constitution and dissolved the National Assembly. President Bokassa declared himself President for life in 1972, and named himself Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire on 4 December 1976. A year later, Emperor Bokassa crowned himself in a lavish and expensive ceremony that was ridiculed by much of the world. In 1979 France carried out a coup against Bokassa and “restored” Dacko to power. Dacko, in turn, was overthrown in a coup by General Andr Kolingba on 1 September 1981.
Kolingba suspended the constitution and ruled with a military junta until 1985. He introduced a new constitution in 1986 which was adopted by a nationwide referendum. Membership in his new party, the Rassemblement Dmocratique Centrafricain (RDC) was voluntary. In 1987, semi-competitive elections to parliament were held and municipal elections were held in 1988. Kolingba’s two major political opponents, Abel Goumba and Ange-Flix Patass, boycotted these elections because their parties were not allowed to compete.
By 1990, after the fall of the Berlin Wall, a pro-democracy movement became very active. In May 1990 a letter signed by 253 prominent citizens asked for the convocation of a National Conference but Kolingba refused this request and detained several opponents. Pressure from the United States, more reluctantly from France, and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR (France, USA, Germany, Japan, EU, World Bank and UN) finally led Kolingba to agree, in principle, to hold free elections in October 1992, with help from the UN Office of Electoral Affairs. After using the excuse of alleged irregularities to suspend the results of the elections as a pretext for holding on to power, President Kolingba came under intense pressure from GIBAFOR to establish a “Conseil National Politique Provisoire de la Rpublique” (Provisional National Political Council) (CNPPR) and to set up a “Mixed Electoral Commission” which included representatives from all political parties.
When elections were finally held in 1993, again with the help of the international community, Ange-Flix Patass came in first in the first round and Kolingba came in fourth after Abel Goumba and David Dacko. In the second round, Patass won 53 percent of the vote while Goumba won 45.6 percent. Most of Patass’s support came from Gbaya, Kare and Kaba voters in seven heavily populated prefectures in the northwest while Goumba’s support came largely from ten less-populated prefectures in the south and east. Furthermore, Patass’s party, the Mouvement pour la Libration du Peuple Centrafricain (MLPC) or Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People gained a simple but not an absolute majority of seats in parliament, which meant Patass needed coalition partners.
Patass relieved former President Kolingba of his military rank of general in March 1994 and then charged several former ministers with various crimes. Patass also removed many Yakoma from important, lucrative posts in the government. Two hundred mostly Yakoma members of the presidential guard were also dismissed or reassigned to the army. Kolingba’s RDC loudly proclaimed that Patass’s government was conducting a “witch hunt” against the Yakoma.
A new constitution was approved on 28 December 1994 and promulgated on 14 January 1995, but this constitution, like those before it, did not have much impact on the practice of politics. In 19961997, reflecting steadily decreasing public confidence in its erratic behaviour, three mutinies against Patass’s government were accompanied by widespread destruction of property and heightened ethnic tension. On 25 January 1997, the Bangui Peace Accords were signed which provided for the deployment of an inter-African military mission, the Mission Interafricaine de Surveillance des Accords de Bangui (MISAB). Mali’s former president, Amadou Tour, served as chief mediator and brokered the entry of ex-mutineers into the government on 7 April 1997. The MISAB mission was later replaced by a U.N. peacekeeping force, the Mission des Nations Unies en RCA (MINURCA).
In 1998 parliamentary elections resulted in Kolingba’ RDC winning 20 out of 109 seats, which constituted a comeback, but in 1999, notwithstanding widespread public anger in urban centers with his corrupt rule, Patass won free elections to become president for a second term. On 28 May 2001 rebels stormed strategic buildings in Bangui in an unsuccessful coup attempt. The army chief of staff, Abel Abrou, and General Francois N’Djadder Bedaya were shot, but Patass regained the upper hand by bringing in at least 300 troops of the rebel leader Jean-Pierre Bemba from over the river in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and by Libyan soldiers.
In the aftermath of this failed coup, militias loyal to Patass sought revenge against rebels in many neighborhoods of the capital, Bangui, that resulted in the destruction of many homes as well as the torture and murder of many opponents. Eventually Patass came to suspect that General Franois Boziz was involved in another coup attempt against him and so Boziz fled with loyal troops to Chad. In March 2003, Boziz launched a surprise attack against Patass, who was out of the country. Libyan troops and some 1,000 soldiers of Bemba’s Congolese rebel organization failed to stop the rebels, who took control of the country and thus succeeded in overthrowing Patass.
Franois Boziz suspended the constitution and named a new cabinet which included most opposition parties. Abel Goumba, “Mr. Clean”, was named vice-president, which gave Boziz’s new government a positive image. Boziz established a broad-based National Transition Council to draft a new constitution and announced that he would step down and run for office once the new constitution was approved. A national dialogue was held from 15 September to 27 October 2003, and Boziz won a fair election that excluded Patass, to be elected president on a second ballot, in May 2005.
Humanitarian situation, peacebuilding, and development
The Central African Republic is heavily dependent upon multilateral foreign aid and the presence of numerous NGOs which provide services which the government fails to provide. As one UNDP official put it, the CAR is a country “sous serum,” or a country metaphorically hooked up to an IV. (Mehler 2005:150). The very presence of numerous foreign personnel and organizations in the country, including peacekeepers and even refugee camps, provides an important source of revenue for many Central Africans.
The country is self-sufficient in food crops, but much of the population lives at a subsistence level. Livestock development is hindered by the presence of the tsetse fly.
In 2006 due to ongoing violence, over 50,000 in the country’s north-west were at risk of starvation, and this was only averted thanks to United Nations support.[citation needed]
Peacebuilding Commission places Central African Republic on agenda On 12 June 2008, the Central African Republic became the fourth country to be placed on the agenda of the UN Peacebuilding Commission, which was set up in 2005 to help countries emerging from conflict avoid the slide back into war or chaos. The 31-member body agreed to take up the situation after a request from the government.
Peacebuilding Fund The Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon declared on 8 January 2008 that the Central African Republic was eligible to receive assistance from the Peacebuilding Fund. Three priority areas were identified: 1) Security sector reform 2) Promotion of good governance and the rule of law and 3) Revitalization of communities affected by conflicts.
Politics
Main article: Politics of the Central African Republic
Franois Boziz is President of the country. A new constitution was approved by voters in a referendum held on December 5, 2004. Full multiparty presidential and parliamentary elections were held in March 2005, with a second round in May. Boziz was declared the winner after a run-off vote.
In February 2006, there were reports of widespread violence in the northern part of the CAR. Thousands of refugees fled their homes, caught in the crossfire of battles between government troops and rebel forces. More than 7,000 people fled to neighboring Chad. Those who remained in the CAR told of government troops systematically killing men and boys suspected of cooperating with rebels.
Prefectures and sub-prefectures
Prefectures of the Central African Republic
Main articles: Prefectures of the Central African Republic and Sub-prefectures of the Central African Republic
The Central African Republic is divided into 14 administrative prefectures (prfectures), along with 2 economic prefectures (prfectures economiques) and one autonomous commune. The prefectures are further divided into 71 sub-prefectures (sous-prfectures).
The prefectures include:
Bamingui-Bangoran
Basse-Kotto
Haute-Kotto
Haut-Mbomou
Kmo
Lobaye
Mambr-Kad
Mbomou
Nana-Mambr
Ombella-M’Poko
Ouaka
Ouham
Ouham-Pend
Vakaga
the two economic prefectures are Nana-Grbizi and Sangha-Mbar; the commune is Bangui.
Geography
Main article: Geography of the Central African Republic
Satellite image of Central African Republic, generated from raster graphics data supplied by The Map Library
Map of the Central African Republic
Ubangi River on the outskirts of Bangui.
The Central African Republic is a land-locked nation within the interior of the African continent. It is bordered by the countries of Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo.
Much of the country consists of flat, or rolling plateau savanna, typically about 1,640 feet (500 m) above sea level, of which most of the northern half lies within the World Wildlife Fund’s East Sudanian savanna ecoregion. In the northeast are the Fertit Hills, and there are scattered hills in southwest part of the country. To the northwest is the Yade Massif, a granite plateau with an altitude of 3,750 feet (1,143 m).
At 240,519 square miles (622,941 km2), the Central African Republic is the world’s 42nd-largest country. It is comparable in size to the Ukraine, and is somewhat smaller than the US state of Texas.
Much of the southern border is formed by tributaries of the Congo River, with the Mbomou River in the east merging with the Uele River to form the Ubangi River. In the west, the Sangha River flows through part of the country. The eastern border lies along the edge of the Nile river watershed.
Estimates of the amount of the country covered by forest ranges up to 8%, with the densest parts in the south. The forest is highly diverse, and includes commercially important species of Ayous, Sapelli and Sipo. The deforestation rate is 0.4% per annum, and lumber poaching is commonplace.
The climate of the C.A.R. is generally tropical. The northern areas are subject to harmattan winds, which are hot, dry, and carry dust. The northern regions have been subject to desertification, and the northeast is desert. The remainder of the country is prone to flooding from nearby rivers.
In the November 2008 issue of National Geographic, the Central African Republic was named the country least affected by light pollution.
Economy
Main article: Economy of the Central African Republic
A boy playing with a burnt kerosene lamp in the city of Birao, Central African Republic. The town was almost completely burnt down in March 2007 during fighting between rebels and government troops.
The economy of the CAR is dominated by the cultivation and sale of food crops such as cassava, peanuts, maize, sorghum, millet, sesame, plantain and sara[disambiguation needed]. The annual real GDP growth rate is just above 3%. The importance of foodcrops over exported cash crops is indicated by the fact that the total production of cassava, the staple food of most Central Africans, ranges between 200,000 and 300,000 tons a year, while the production of cotton, the principal exported cash crop, ranges from 25,000 to 45,000 tons a year. Foodcrops are not exported in large quantities but they still constitute the principal cash crops of the country because Central Africans derive far more income from the periodic sale of surplus foodcrops than from exported cash crops such as cotton or coffee.
The CAR’s largest import partner is South Korea (20.2%), followed by France (13.6%) and Cameroon (7.7%), while its largest export partner is Japan (40.4%), followed by Belgium (9.8%) and China (8.2%).
Many rural and urban women also transform foodcrops into alcoholic drinks such as sorghum beer or hard liquor and derive considerable income from the sale of these drinks. Much of the income derived from the sale of foods and alcohol is not “on the books” and thus is not considered in calculating per capita income, which is one reason why official figures for per capita income are not accurate in the case of the CAR.
The per capita income of the CAR is often listed as being around $300 a year, said to be one of the lowest in the world, but this figure is based mostly on reported sales of exports and largely ignores the more important but unregistered sale of foods, locally produced alcohol, diamonds, ivory, bushmeat, and traditional medicine, for example. The informal economy of the CAR is more important than the formal economy for most Central Africans.
Diamonds constitute the most important export of the CAR, accounting for 4055% of export revenues, but an estimated 3050% of the diamonds produced each year leave the country clandestinely. Export trade is hindered by poor economic development, and the location of this country far from the coast.
The wilderness regions of this country have potential as ecotourist destinations. The country is noted for its population of forest elephants. In the southwest, the Dzanga-Sangha National Park is a rain forest area. To the north, the Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park has been well-populated with wildlife, including leopards, lions, and rhinos. To the northeast the Bamingui-Bangoran National Park. However the population of wildlife in these parks has severely diminished over the past 20 years due to poaching, particularly from the neighboring Sudan.
The CAR is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).
The CAR is ranked 180 out of 181 on ‘ease of business’ in the 2009 Doing Business Report of the World Bank Group. The ‘ease of business’ ranking uses a composite index on regulations that enhance business activity and those that constrain it.
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of the Central African Republic
A village in the Central African Republic
The population has almost quadrupled since independence. In 1960 the population was 1,232,000. Now the population is 4,422,000. (2009 UN est.) Note: estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.
The United Nations estimates that approximately 11% of the population aged 15 49 is HIV positive. Only 3% of the country has antiretroviral therapy available, compared to 17% coverage in neighbouring countries of Chad and the Republic of the Congo.
The nation is divided into over 80 ethnic groups, each having its own language. The largest ethnic groups are the Baya 33%, Banda 27%, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10%, Mboum 7%, M’Baka 4%, and Yakoma 4%, with 2% others, including Europeans of mostly French descent.
Health
Main article: Health in the Central African Republic
Female life expectancy at birth was 48.2 and male life expectancy at birth was at 45.1 in 2007. The fertility rate is at about five births per woman. Government expenditure on health was at US$ 20 (PPP) per person in 2006. There were 8 physicians per 100,000 people in 2004. Government expenditure on health was at 10.9 % of total government expenditure in 2006.
Religion
Main article: Religion in the Central African Republic
Religion in the Central African Republic
religion
percent
Christian
50%
Indigenous
35%
Islam
15%
Christians form 50 percent of the population, while 35 percent of the population maintain Indigenous beliefs, and Islam is practiced by approximately 15 percent of the country’s population.
There are many missionary groups operating in the country, including Lutherans, Baptists, Catholics, Grace Brethren, and Jehovah’s Witnesses. While these missionaries are predominantly from the United States, France, Italy, and Spain, many are also from Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and other African countries. Many missionaries left the country due to fighting between rebel and government forces in 2002 and 2003. Many have now returned to the country and resumed their activities.
Culture
Music
Main article: Music of the Central African Republic
Education
Main article: Education in the Central African Republic
Public education in the Central African Republic is free, and education is compulsory from ages 6 to 14. About half the adult population of the country is illiterate. The country has the University of Bangui.
See also
List of writers from the Central African Republic
See also
Africa portal
Main article: Outline of the Central African Republic
List of Central African Republic-related topics
Transport in the Central African Republic
References
^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009) (.PDF). World Population Prospects, Table A.1. 2008 revision. United Nations. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
^ a b c d “Central African Republic”. International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=626&s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=53&pr.y=9. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
^ Which side of the road do they drive on? Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 2009-01-28
^ List of countries by Human Development Index
^ HS Foreign 24.4.2001 Did the Central African Republic surpass Finland in environmental affairs?
^ “Thousands could die of starvation, says United Nations spokesperson Maurizio Giuliano”. http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=58581.
^ http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/pbc39.doc.htm
^ http://www.unpbf.org/CAR.shtml
^ Reuters AlertNet CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Polls results to be announced on 22 May, official says
^ BBC NEWS World | Africa | Country profiles | Timeline: Central African Republic
^ BBC NEWS Africa | Thousands flee new CAR ‘rebels’
^ BBC NEWS Africa | Thousands flee from CAR violence
^ Sold Down the River (English) March 2001, Forests Monitor
^ The Forests of the Congo Basin: State of the Forest 2006. CARPE 13-Jul-07
^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2050.html?countryName=China&countryCode=ch®ionCode=eas&#ch
^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2061.html?countryName=China&countryCode=ch®ionCode=eas&#ch
^ OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa, http://www.ohada.com/index.php, retrieved 2009-03-22
^ http://www.doingbusiness.org/Documents/CountryProfiles/CAF.pdf
^ Countries
^ http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_ANN3_en.pdf
^ a b c d http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/data_sheets/cty_ds_CAF.html
^ http://www.afro.who.int/home/countries/fact_sheets/car.pdf
^ the World Factbook
^ U.S. Department of State
^ “Central African Republic”. Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor (2001). Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor (2002). ^ http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/car_statistics.html
Further reading
Kalck, Pierre, Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic, 2004
Petringa, Maria, Brazza, A Life for Africa (2006) ISBN 978-1-4259-1198-0
Titley, Brian, Dark Age: The Political Odyssey of Emperor Bokassa, 2002
External links
Find more about Central African Republic on Wikipedia’s sister projects:
Definitions from Wiktionary
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Quotations from Wikiquote
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews
Learning resources from Wikiversity
Government
Central African Republic Online
Chief of State and Cabinet Members
Overviews
Country Profile from BBC News
Central African Republic entry at The World Factbook
Central African Republic from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Central African Republic at the Open Directory Project
Wikimedia Atlas of the Central African Republic
News
Humanitarian news and analysis from IRIN Central African Republic
Central African Republic news headline links from AllAfrica.com
(French) RCA Info
Cultural
Baka Pygmies Culture and music of the first inhabitants of the Central African Republic, with photos and ethnographic notes
Tourism
Central African Republic travel guide from Wikitravel
Other
Central African Republic Pictures
location of Central African Republic on a 3D globe (Java)
Central African Republic at Humanitarian and Development Partnership Team (HDPT)
Central African Republic reports from Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers
Johann Hari in Birao, Central African Republic Inside France’s Secret War from The Independent, October 5, 2007
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Central African Republic topics
Politics and government
Coat of Arms Constitution Corruption Elections Flag Foreign relations Human rights (GLBT Women) Law enforcement Military Ministers National Assembly Political parties Politics President Prime Minister
History
Precolonial history Oubangui-Chari (part of French Equatorial Africa) Central African Empire Patass presidency Boziz coup
Geography and environment
Cities Ecoregions National Parks Prefectures Rivers Sub-prefectures Wildlife
Economy and infrastructure
Agriculture Airports Banks Communications Companies Mining Tourism Trade unions Transport
Culture and society
Demographics Education Films Football (National team) Holidays Languages Literature Music Religion (Catholicism Islam)
Miscellany
Personalities on stamps Public Holidays Scouting
See also: List of Central African Republic-related topics
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Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean
Mahgreb
Algeria Morocco (Arguin Island) Tunisia
French West Africa
Cte d’Ivoire Dahomey French Sudan Guinea Mauritania Niger Senegal Upper Volta
French Togoland James Island Albreda
French Equatorial Africa
Chad Gabon Middle Congo Oubangui-Chari
Comoros
Anjouan Grande Comore Mohli
French Somaliland (Djibouti) Madagascar Ile de France Seychelles
Geographic locale
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Countries and territories of Africa
West Africa
Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Cte d’Ivoire The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo
North Africa
Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia
Central Africa
Angola Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Rwanda So Tom and Prncipe
East Africa
Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Seychelles Somalia Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
Southern Africa
Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland
States with
limited recognition
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland
Partially in Africa
France (Runion) Italy (Pantelleria) Portugal (Madeira) Spain (Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / Plazas de soberana) Yemen (Socotra)
Dependencies
Iles Eparses (France) Mayotte (France) Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)
Disputed areas
Western Sahara
International membership
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African Union (AU)
Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Cte d’Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Equatorial Guinea Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic So Tom and Prncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
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Community of Sahel-Saharan States
Benin Burkina Faso Central African Republic Chad Comoros Cte d’Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Eritrea The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Liberia Libya Mali Morocco Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Togo Tunisia
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Member states and observers of the Francophonie
Members
Albania Andorra Armenia Belgium (French Community) Benin Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada (New Brunswick Quebec) Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Cyprus1 Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Cte d’Ivoire Djibouti Dominica Egypt Equatorial Guinea France (French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique St. Pierre and Miquelon) Gabon Ghana1 Greece Guinea Guinea-Bissau Haiti Laos Luxembourg Lebanon Macedonia2 Madagascar Mali Mauritania Mauritius Moldova Monaco Morocco Niger Romania Rwanda St. Lucia So Tom and Prncipe Senegal Seychelles Switzerland Togo Tunisia Vanuatu Vietnam
Observers
Austria Croatia Czech Republic Georgia Hungary Latvia Lithuania Mozambique Poland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Thailand Ukraine
1 Associate member. 2 Provisionally referred to by the Francophonie as the “former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”; see Macedonia naming dispute.
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Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC)
Members
Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Burkina Faso Brunei Cameroon Chad Comoros Cte d’Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Indonesia Iran Iraq Jordan Kuwait Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Libya Maldives Malaysia Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Nigeria Oman Pakistan Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Syria Tajikistan Turkey Tunisia Togo Turkmenistan Uganda Uzbekistan United Arab Emirates Yemen
Observers
Countries and territories
Bosnia and Herzegovina Central African Republic Russia Thailand Northern Cyprus (as Turkish Cypriot State)
Muslim communities
Moro National Liberation Front
International organizations
Economic Cooperation Organization African Union Arab League Non-Aligned Movement United Nations
Languages
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Niger-Congo-speaking nations
Kordofanian
Sudan
Mande
Gambia
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Mali
Mauritania
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Liberia
Cte d’Ivoire
Nigeria
Burkina Faso
Benin
Togo
Atlantic-Congo
Atlantic
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
CAR
Ijoid
Nigeria
Chad
Cte d’Ivoire
Gambia
Guinea
Dogon
Mali
Guinea-Bissau
Liberia
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Sudan
Togo
Volta-Congo
Senufo
Benin
Cte d’Ivoire
Mali
Gur
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cte d’Ivoire
Ghana
Mali
Nigeria
Togo
Adamawa-Ubangi
Cameroon
CAR
Chad
Nigeria
Kru
Burkina Faso
Cte d’Ivoire
Liberia
Kwa
Benin
Cte d’Ivoire
Ghana
Nigeria
Togo
Benue-Congo
Bantu
Angola
Botswana
Burundi
Cameroon
DRC
Yoruba and Igbo
Nigeria
Rep. of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
Kenya
Lesotho
Nigeria
Malawi
Mozambique
Namibia
Rwanda
South Africa
Swaziland
Tanzania
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
CAR = Central African Republic DRC = Democratic Republic of the Congo
Categories: Central African Republic | African countries | African Union member states | Least Developed Countries | French-speaking countries | Landlocked countries | Member states of La Francophonie | States and territories established in 1960Hidden categories: Wikipedia pages move-protected due to vandalism | Articles containing French language text | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 | Articles with links needing disambiguation
Proven Strategies to Improve Your Texas Holdem Poker
Poker is a game of many complexities. The challenges and probability of the game has brought together boundless number of online poker players in society at present. It is a stimulating game to any interested player.
The demand to discern the possibility of every game is a exciting situation. Thus, mastery of Texas Holdem Poker game requires one to learn ways and tactics to advance one’s winning probability in every game.
Table Position
Table position in online Texas Holdem poker game is important. This is regularly unobserved by neophyte players not knowing how a position can affect their odds. Players should identify which position is efficient and which ones are not.
The average game has three areas of table positioning, namely, the early, middle and late positions. In a table of ten players, the early position is on the left and it has its drawback. Being the first to act after the basic flop, all opponents will benefit on what the EP will do. The opponents can examine each move of the EP and can disturb the ploy the EP is building. With how the game is moving, the EP requires a stronger hand to be able to put money on or raise than those in the MP and LP.
Mainly, players in late positions are in considerable advantage. But on the middle position, there are few benefits and several drawbacks. MP may be able to see what the EP is doing, then again, there are still other players to react on MP’s actions. On the other hand, MPs left open on the squeeze play, where MPs may get captive on trying to call on EP’s bet and it will be raised by the LPs. This part of the game possibly will put the MP in a dangerous position since the opponents are painstakingly watching the move of the MP. Although they have the trivial hand, the other players can still act too sadistically force the MP to pay more chips and place more bets.
Late positions are the last players to act on a round. Having to play in the late position is advantageous. They had great opportunities to bluff and steal the pot to win.
Unluckily, the EP and the MP has a low chance of stealing the game. The LP has the edge since this individual knows the strength of every opponent’s hand. When all the earliest positions are on ‘checked bet’, this proves the chance of the late positions to scare them and ‘steal the game’ by raising bets on the pot knowing ‘checked bets’ could mean they had a weak hand.
On Raise Ploys
In Texas Holdem Poker, the raise move is a threat to the opponents and the beginning of bluffing or possibly, winning. In raising, opponents may fold or call, however, the dynamics of this poker game, the opening bet is considered as raise. There are several tactics to increase the odds of winning when raising good ploys.
Money Raise
When there is a brilliant hand, begin a raise to force opponents to do so.
Steal Raise
When there is a very strong hand, consider raise on the peak and intimidate them to fold, alternatively they will have a chance to improve their hands.
Deceptive Raise
When there is a poor hand, raise to mislead opponents. Players with good hands will be deceived and be forced to fold.
Hope Raise
When there is a drawing hand, raise to get a complimentary card to improve the hand.
Check Raise
To confirm strengths, raise and be able to maneuver onto the next round.
Elimination Raise
When you have a second best hand, raise to be able to exclude an average player and get rid of their chance of recovering their hand.
Isolation Raise
When the EP has a drawing hand and made a bet to intimidate, raise as to force others to fold.
Indisputably, like any other games there are so many ways that one should master in order to amplify the probability of winning. It is important to comprehend the moves of each player and the different positioning as to have a superior probability of success. So, happy bluffing game!
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